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Editing Computer[[1]]

Computer that's what U r using NOW to view this page!

• in the chinese language we call it "Electric brain"
• In the world of entities we call it "Computer"
• It is a machine but not exactly like any machine you see, because part of it is unseen known as the software
• The software generates digital signals in which it is channeled into electric circuits to process information. Initially it is used to process numbers, and an old electric brain has no software but only moveable parts like a clockwork or watch mechanism, and instead of signals generated by electric, it used to be cranked by hand! See Alphaplus, Algo, Cat III etc those early models of modern predecessors of computers!
• the modern computer uses memory such as RAMs or hard-disk to store information, and there are supercomputer which can process bits of informations at the rate so fast that the simple mind is amazed ( at 91.29 teraflops see [[2]]) which many times faster than the speed of exploding bombs!
• Nevertheless digital computer when compared to the human mind, is still too primitive had many more leaps and years to catch up, before the latest MIT researchers can produced a neurological fast and efficient enough machine compared to the human mind.

Contents 1 codes 2 Ancient Greek Computer 3 THE ANCIENT COMPUTER SET DATES FOR THE oLYMPIC GAMES! 3.1 THE FIRST oNE-TON BABY 3.2 mechanism 3.3 Antikythera Mechanism 4 Dr. Jamshid Ibrahim Says: 4.1 Questions Is

[edit] codes

Computer uses codes to work such those of a feared worm designed by someone with malicious intent to come every Friday and destroy files kept in the hard disk. see [[3]]

[edit] Ancient Greek Computer

'An ancient piece of Greek technology recovered from a shipwreck more than 100 years ago is amazing scientists who have analyzed it in detail. Fragments of bronze gearwheels, now green and crumbling from millennia of underwater corrosion, have long been thought to be parts of a 2,100-year-old astronomical calculator. VOA's David McAlary reports that the new examination shows the mechanism to have been far more sophisticated for its time than anyone had thought.

Re-constructed mechanism based upon the antique pieces found by drivers

In 1901 divers working off the isle of Antikythera found the remains of a clocklike mechanism 2,000 years old. The mechanism now appears to have been a device for calculating the motions of stars and planets

by Derek J. de Solla Price

From June 1959 Scientific American p.60-7

Among the treasures of the Greek National Archaeological Museum in Athens are the remains of the most complex scientific object that has been preserved from antiquity. Corroded and crumbling from 2,000 years under the sea, its dials, gear wheels and inscribed plates present the historian with a tantalizing problem. Because of them we may have to revise many of our estimates of Greek science. By studying them we may find vital clues to the true origins of that high scientific technology which hitherto has seemed peculiar to our modern civilization, setting it apart from all cultures of the past.

From the evidence of the fragments one can get a good idea of the appearance of the original object [see illustration on page 62]. Consisting of a box with dials on the outside and a very complex assembly of gear wheels mounted within, it must have resembled a well- made 18ih-century clock. Doors hinged to the box served to protect the dials, and on all available surfaces of box, doors and dials there were long Greek inscriptions describing the operation and construction of the instrument. At least 20 gear wheels of the mechanism have been preserved, including a very sophisticated assembly of gears that were mounted eccentrically on a turntable and probably functioned as a sort of epicyclic or differential, gear-system.

Nothing like this instrument is preserved elsewhere. Nothing comparable to it is known. from any ancient scientific text or literary allusion. On the contrary, from all that we know of science and technology in the Hellenistic Age we should have felt that such a device could not exist. Some historians have suggested that the Greeks were not interested in experiment because of a contempt-perhaps induced by the existence of the institution of slavery-for manual labor. On the other hand it has long been recognized that in abstract mathematics and in mathematical astronomy they were no beginners but rather "fellows of another college" who reached great heights of sophistication. Many of the Greek scientific devices known to us from written descriptions show much mathematical ingenuity, but in all cases the purely mechanical part of the design seems relatively crude. Gearing was clearly known to the Greeks, but it was used only in relatively simple applications. They employed pairs of gears to change angular speed or mechanical ad- vantage, or to apply power through a right angle, as in the water-driven mill.

Even the most complex mechanical devices described by the ancient writers Hero of Alexandria and Vitruvius contained only simple gearing. For example, the taximeter used by the Greeks to measure the distance travelled by the wheels of a carriage employed only pairs of gears (or gears and worms) to achieve the necessary ratio of movement. It could be argued that if the Greeks knew the principle of gearing, they should have had no difficulty in constructing mechanisms as complex as epicyclic gears. We now know from the fragments in the National Museum that the Greeks did make such mechanisms, but the knowledge is so unexpected that some scholars at first thought that the fragments must belong to some more modern device.

Can we in fact be sure that the device is ancient? If we can, what was its purpose? What can it tell us of the ancient world and of the evolution of modern science?

To authenticate the dating of the fragments We must. tell the story of their discovery, which involves the first (though inadvertent) adventure in underwater archaeology. Just before Easter in 1900 a party of Dodecanese sponge-divers were driven by storm to anchor near the tiny southern Greek island of Antikythera (the accent is on the "kyth," pronounced to rhyme with pith). There, at a depth of some 200 feet, they found the wreck of an ancient ship. With the help of Greek archaeologists the wreck was explored; several fine bronze and marble statues and other objects were recovered. The finds created great excitement, but the difficulties of diving without heavy equipment were immense, and in September, 1901, the "dig' was abandoned. Eight months later Valerios StaÎs, an archaeologist at the National Museum, was examining some calcified lumps of corroded bronze that had been set aside as possible pieces of broken statuary. Suddenly he recognized among them the fragments of a mechanism.

It is now accepted that the wreck occurred during the first century B.C. Gladys Weinberg of Athens has been kind enough to report to me the results of several recent archaeological examinations of the amphorae, pottery and minor objects from the ship. It appears from her report that one might reason-ably date the wreck more closely as 65 B.C. ±15 years. Furthermore, since the identifiable objects come from Rhodes and Cos, it seems that the ship may have. been voyaging from these islands to Rome, perhaps without calling at the Greek mainland.

The fragment that first caught the eye of StaÎs was one of the corroded, inscribed plates that is an integral part of the Antikythera mechanism, as the device later came to be called. StaÎs saw immediately that the inscription was ancient. In the opinion of the epigrapher Benjamin Dean Meritt, the forms of the letters are those of the 'first century B.C.; they could hardly be older than 100 B.C. nor younger than the time of Christ. The dating is supported by the content of the inscriptions. The words used and their astronomical sense are all of this period. For example, the most extensive and complete piece of inscription is part of a parapegma (astronomical calendar) similar to that written by one Geminos, who is thought to have lived in Rhodes about 77 B.C. We may thus be reasonably sure that the mechanism did not find its way into the wreck at some later period. Furthermore, it cannot have been very old when it was taken aboard the ship as booty or merchandise.

As soon as the fragments had been discovered they were examined by every available archaeologist; so began the long and difficult process of identifying the mechanism and determining its function. Some things were clear from the beginning. The unique importance of the object was obvious, and the gearing was impressively complex. From the inscriptions and the dials the mechanism was correctly identified as an astronomical device. The first conjecture was that it was some kind of navigating instrument – perhaps an astrolabe (a sort of circular star-finder map also used for simple observations). Some thought that it might be a small planetarium of the kind that Archirnedes is said to have made. Unfortunately the fragments were covered by a thick curtain of calcified material and corrosion products, and these concealed so much detail that no one could be sure of his conjectures or reconstructions. There was nothing to do but wait for the slow and delicate work of the Museum technicians in cleaning away this curtain. Meantime, as the work proceeded, several scholars published accounts of all that was visible, and through their labors a general picture of the mechanism began to emerge.

On the basis of new photographs made for me by the Museum in 1955 I realized that the work of cleaning had reached a point where it might at last be possible to take the work of identification to a new level. Last summer, wilt the assistance of a grant from the American Philosophical Society, I was able to visit Athens and make a minute examination of the fragments. By good fortune George Stamires, a Greek epigrapher, was there at the same time; he was able to give me invaluable help by deciphering and transcribing much more of the inscriptions than had been read before. We are now in the position of being able to "join" the fragments and to see how they fitted together in the original machine and when they were brought up from the sea [see illustration's on these two pages]. The success of this work has been most significant, for previously it had been supposed that the various dials and plates had been badly squashed together and distorted. It now appears that most of the pieces are very nearly in their original places, and that we have a much larger fraction of the complete device than had been thought. This work also provides a clue to the puzzle of why the fragments lay unrecognized until StaÎs saw them. When they were found, the fragments were probably held together in their original positions by the remains of the wooden frame of the case. In the Museum the waterlogged wood dried and shrivelled. The fragments then fell apart, revealing the interior of the mechanism, with its gears and inscribed plates.

As a result of the new examinations we shall in due course be able to publish a technical account of the fragments and of the construction of the instrument. In the meantime we can tentatively summarize some of these results and show how they help to answer the question. What is it?

There are four ways of getting at the answer First, if we knew the details of the mechanism, we should know what it did. Second, if we could read the dials, we could tell what they showed. Third, if we could understand the inscriptions, they might tell us about the mechanism. Fourth, if we knew of any similar mechanism, analogies might be helpful. All these approaches must be used, for none of them is complete.

[edit] THE ANCIENT COMPUTER SET DATES FOR THE oLYMPIC GAMES!

The technology used in the Antikythera Mechanism was so advanced for its time that it wouldn't be seen again in the Western world until the invention of clocks in medieval cathedrals.

GOTO READ IT[[4]]

SURPRISED OR IGNORANT? .in term of technology the ancient people knew better than what we credited them for!

The origins of much modern technology, from railway engines to robots, can be traced back to the elaborate mechanical toys, or automata, that flourished in the 18th century. Those toys, in turn, grew out of the craft of clockmaking. And that craft, like so many other aspects of the modern world, seems to have roots that can be traced right back to ancient Greece.

[edit] THE FIRST oNE-TON BABY

Sixty years ago the "modern computer" was born in a lab in Manchester.

The Small Scale Experimental Machine, or "Baby", was the first to contain memory which could store a program.

The room-sized computer's ability to carry out different tasks - without having to be rebuilt - has led some to describe it as the "first modern PC". GOTO..[[5]]

[edit] mechanism

This is what the ancient Greek device probably sounded like. The noise comes from a recent reconstruction based on pieces recovered by sponge divers exploring a 2,100-year-old shipwreck off the Greek island Antikythera in 1901.

Astronomer Mike Edmunds of Cardiff University in Wales is part of the British, Greek, and American team that made the copy and analyzed the original so-called Antikythera Mechanism.

"This is a unique device," said Mike Edmunds. "Nothing like a device of this complication is known for 1,000 years afterwards until you get to the medieval cathedral clocks."

[edit] Antikythera Mechanism

The Greek device contains a complicated arrangement of at least 30 precision, hand-cut bronze gears and three pointing styluses housed inside a wooden case covered with inscriptions. Because the machine is fragmented, its specific functions have been controversial.

Scientists have been trying to copy it ever since its discovery, but Edmunds' team was able to do so after using high resolution X-ray scanning technology to examine the pieces. They were also able to decipher twice as many of the inscriptions as had been read by the late Yale University scholar Derek Price, who studied it decades ago.

Team member Xenophon Moussas, a physicist at the University of Athens, described the device to Nature magazine, which has published the group's paper on it.

"We can count something like 30 gears, which helped astronomers of the second century BC, we believe now, to calculate the positions of the sun, perhaps to work out the time of eclipses of the moon and and possibly of the sun as well," said Xenophon Moussas. "Since we discovered inside the mechanisms very many hidden writings, which are the manual of this ancient computer, we know for sure that many parts of the text refer to the motion of the planets."

In a Nature magazine commentary, Francois Charette of Ludwig-Maximilians University in Munich, says the research shows the Antikythera Mechanism to be the most sophisticated such object yet found from the ancient and medieval periods. He points out that the archaeological record to date shows it was a long time before gearing mechanisms so advanced re-emerged.

"I can tell you from having examined the original that the man who made it was a highly skilled mechanic," said Michael Wright. "He knew exactly what he was doing. The other thing I can tell you about it is that the man who designed it certainly knew his astronomy."

The paper on the device shows the Antikythera Mechanism is based on a mathematical model of the moon's motion developed by the astronomer Hipparchus of Rhodes 2,100 years ago. Mike Edmunds at Cardiff University speculates that the ancient Greek scientist even helped design it.

"It's very tempting to think so," he said. "We haven't actually found his sort of fingerprints or actually 'Hipparchus made this' [inscribed] on the mechanism, but whoever did build this was extremely intelligent. It's just beautifully designed. I think that is one of the most surprising things that comes out of this."

Francois Charette at Ludwig-Maximilians University writes that the long interval between the design of the Antikythera Mechanism and the advent of medieval gearing makes it obvious that the technical sophistication available to some parts of the Greco-Roman world was simply not transmitted further. The gear-wheel, he says, had to be re-invented.

[edit] Dr. Jamshid Ibrahim Says:

December 25th, 2007 at 12:51 pm

Dr. Jamshid Ibrahim lives in Bremen, Germany and has an M.A. in English language and literature, a PhD in General Linguistics and the "Industriekaufmann" certified by the German Chamber of Industry and Commerce (IHK Essen, Germany)

[[6]] Everything seems to be double-edged. Still I do agree learning opens up new worlds but learning is usually framed or coloured in the language of culture or discipline. Thus it is subjective or contaminated. Unfortunately, there is no other way of pure or independent learning except through the lense of culture or human-based language. Logic is no substitute because it is precise and lacks ambiguity which makes human language superior. Languages open new dimensions but they also narrow down or divert our thinking. There is always some limitation on our perception depending upon our own angle. Thus the more languages you speak the more perspectives you get. Every new language you learn adds a new personality. Since our senses are imperfect we need more than one camera to correct the picture. Sometimes we even need a magnifying glass.

Dr. Jamshid Ibrahim Bremen, 25 December 2007

[edit] Questions Is

1. Those people who claimed discoveries of the world is ROUND..waht? thousands years ago, the Greek knew for a FACT!
2. Those who claimed discovered the wheel??.. waht? the Greek invented it or maybe those people in the distant past too?
3. Those who claimed that our computer was ...sophisticated, so was the mind behind this

very ancient antique mechanism, all of us have this mind too!

Therefore let's give credit to the Someone who made our minds! ie God !!!!

Conclusion: Nothing NEW under the sun, Lor! !

..and wikipedia is shouting for anyone to re-write their old claims about this "antique" mechanism, since, they underestimated the old ancient mind of the Greek and Chinese and Babylonians etc..

[[7]]<<<<<<< go see Proofs of God